The Geology Program will be carried out by Jonathan Clarke, Melissa Battler and Rocky Persaud over the course of all four phases of Expedition One. Click this link for an explanation of the geology program structure.

1. Develop an understanding of the variety of regolith in the area:
Regolith is the surface material of the terrestrial crust and can be described as everything between fresh rock and fresh air. It includes weathered rock, surface sediments, and volcanic materials. Regolith forms the surface of all the rocky and icy bodies in the solar system, terrestrial and Martian regolith also contains ice and groundwater shallow groundwater. On earth (and perhaps Mars) biota also forms part of the regolith, and this, together with physical and chemical processes, forms soil. On both Earth and Mars understanding the regolith is vital because it is the material that is recording in remote sensing, hosts a range of resources, including water and ores, and provides the substrate for construction and mobility. On earth regolith is also the basis of plant growth and food production. The aim of the regolith study goal in Expedition One is to produce a regolith terrain map of the region. This map will be based on remote sensing, field observations, and use of the Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer (PIMA). The map will document the distribution of regolith and landforms provide a basis for further geoscience and biological research. We aim to also publish a paper on the regolith geology of the area. Jonathan Clarke will be main geoscientist responsible for this part of the study.


2. Develop a detailed understanding of the stratigraphy and structures of the region:
The Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments of the MDRS field area contain a succession of non-marine to marine rocks whose architecture (stratigraphy and structure) that are of considerable interest to both sedimentologists and economic geologists. The basin architecture is an important control of the distribution of rock types in three dimensions and is an important tool in understanding the distribution of coal, petroleum, uranium, and groundwater. Understanding the sedimentary architecture also provides important insights into the evolution of the basins in which these sediments were deposited. Basin architecture studies on Mars will likewise provide important insights into the evolution of Martian depositional basins. Data pivotal to understanding the basin architecture of the MDRS study area will be collected by mapping of the lithologies and structures and measuring stratigraphic sections through the succession. This data will provide a basis for more detailed geological investigations and analysis. A paper and a map of the geology of the area are the main products aimed for in this goal. The main expertise for this goal will be provided by Rocky Persaud. An aspect of this study will comprise Melissa Battler's honours bachelor thesis.


3. Develop an understanding of the depositional and diagenetic history of the succession:
Previous missions have reported a diversity of sedimentary and diagenetic indicators, including vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant fossils, cross bedding, ripple marks, fossil soils, and abundant gypsum. Our goal during Expedition One is to systematically collect this information to determine information on the depositional environments responsible for the sediments, the flow directions of the currents responsible for their deposition, and the biotic communities extant on the surface during deposition. We also intend to understand the diagenetic processes that have affected these sediments, that is, those processes that have operated subsequent to deposition and prior to weathering. Of particular interest in this regard is the distribution of the calcium sulfate mineral gypsum, which is quite common in the area. Previous observations have described gypsum as occurring as bedded horizons, crosscutting veins, and as surface crusts. It will be an important part of understanding the depositional and weathering history to know which gypsum occurrences were deposited with the sediments, those that are the result of movement of subsurface brines or hydrothermal fluids, and those that are the result of modern, near surface processes. On Mars such detailed sedimentary and diagenetic studies will be an integral part of understanding the formation and history o sedimentary rocks. We aim to publish the results of this goal in conjunction with those of the two previous ones. Melissa Battler, Rocky Persaud and Jonathan Clarke will contribute to this study.


4. Develop an understanding of igneous processes in the region:
A number of igneous dikes have been reported in the region by previous explorers. As the opportunity arises, these will be mapped and sampled to determine their chemistry, distribution, and intrusion depth. Map and sample igneous dikes in the region, and determine if they are shallow or radial. Samples will be collected by all geoscientists as required, to be analyzed post mission by Stacy Sklar. The analyses will allow determination of the relationship of these rocks to various igneous complexes in southeastern Utah, such as those of the Henry Mountains. Such studies provide a useful comparison to Martian exploration where samples collected on the planet by observers will be analyzed by others back on earth and provide information on the magmatic history and crustal and mantle evolution of the planet. At this stage the data will be kept in a database, pending for complete sample coverage from future expeditions.


5. Develop an understanding of the landscape history:
Preparation of the regolith terrain map by Jonathan Clarke (goal 1) will also provide information valuable for the determining of the landscape history of the region. Of particular interest are the products of fluvial processes, such as channels, flood plains, and gullies, which have extensively shaped the landscape. Also of interest are past and present aeolian processes and the deposits of windblown sand and dust that have resulted. The expedition aims to document occurrences and orientations of sand dunes, collect dust samples for both geological and microbiological study, perform granulometry on wind blown sand, and document with still and video photography the activities of dust devils. Both fluvial and aeolian activities are believed to be important shapers of the surface of Mars, past and present. Studies of terrestrial analogues will develop tools appropriate for their investigation on Mars and provide baseline data against which their Martian counterparts can be compared. All researchers will collect data into aeolian processes as the opportunity arises, and will be analyzed post mission by Nancy Wood and Veronica Zabala, with minor assistance from Jonathan Clarke, with the aim of future publication. Fluvial data will be incorporated, along with under geomorphologic information, into the regolith paper.


6. Develop an understanding of water chemistry in the area:
Groundwater is a key component of the MDRS environment. Seeps and springs are believed to have shaped the landscape through sapping, while the distribution of shallow groundwater and ephemeral surface pools are very important controls on the local ecosystems. Collecting preliminary salinity and pH data on such occurrences using hand held meters is the last goal for geological research. The data will be important for current research in both geology and biology. The resulting database will also be a precursor to later, more intensive hydrogeological studies.

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